Terahertz (THz) communication refers to the use of electromagnetic waves in the terahertz frequency range—between 0.1 and 10 terahertz—to transmit data at extremely high speeds. Often called the “next frontier” in wireless technology, THz communication is expected to play a central role in 6G networks, enabling data rates of multiple terabits per second and ultra-low latency.
How It Works
Terahertz waves sit between microwaves and infrared light on the electromagnetic spectrum. They offer enormous bandwidth, which allows for ultra-fast data transmission. However, these waves have limited range and are easily absorbed by the atmosphere, making them best suited for short-range, high-capacity communications.
To overcome these limitations, researchers are developing advanced beamforming, adaptive modulation, and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces that can direct and strengthen THz signals. Combined with AI-driven network optimisation, these technologies will make THz communication practical for real-world use.
Business and Industrial Applications
Terahertz communication will unlock capabilities beyond what 5G and Wi-Fi 7 can deliver:
-
Data centres and enterprise backbones: High-speed wireless links replacing fibre in short distances.
-
Manufacturing and robotics: Real-time control of automated systems and digital twins.
-
Healthcare: High-resolution medical imaging and instant transfer of large data sets.
-
Immersive media: Holographic conferencing, 8K streaming, and AR/VR collaboration.
-
Space and defence: High-frequency communication for secure and fast data exchange.
India’s Innovation Drive
India’s 6G R&D efforts under the Bharat 6G Mission include early-stage research in terahertz technologies. Academic institutions and startups are exploring indigenous chipsets, antennas, and materials to make THz systems commercially viable and cost-effective.
Considerations
THz communication requires breakthroughs in materials science, device engineering, and signal processing. Energy efficiency, atmospheric loss, and standardisation remain open challenges. Early commercial adoption is expected in controlled environments before widespread deployment.
